basic/fundamental concepts of Python

Here’s a list of the basic/fundamental concepts of Python that every beginner should learn:

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✅ 1. Python Syntax & Structure

• How to write and run Python code

• Indentation (very important in Python)

• Comments (# for single-line, ''' ''' or """ """ for multi-line)

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✅ 2. Variables and Data Types

• Assigning values to variables

• Common data types:

  • int (integers)

  • float (decimals)

  • str (strings/text)

  • bool (True/False)

name = "Raj"
age = 25
height = 5.7
is_student = True

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✅ 3. Operators

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, **

• Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

• Logical: and, or, not

• Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.

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✅ 4. Control Flow

• Conditional Statements: if, elif, else

if age > 18:
    print("Adult")

• Loops:

  • for loop (used for iterating)

  • while loop (runs as long as condition is true)

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

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✅ 5. Data Structures

• Lists: ordered, changeable

  fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
  

• Tuples: ordered, unchangeable

  point = (4, 5)
  

• Dictionaries: key-value pairs

  student = {"name": "Raj", "age": 20}
  

• Sets: unordered, no duplicates

  numbers = {1, 2, 3}
  

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✅ 6. Functions

• Define reusable blocks of code

def greet(name):
    return "Hello " + name

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✅ 7. Input and Output

• Taking user input: input()

• Printing output: print()

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)

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✅ 8. Type Casting

• Converting between types:

age = int("25")
height = float("5.9")

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✅ 9. Error Handling (Try/Except)

• Catch and handle errors:

try:
    x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")

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✅ 10. Basic File Handling

• Open, read, write, and close files

with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
    content = f.read()

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